Чудова книга з академічного написання текстів, придбана в США. Стане в нагоді тим, хто готується до здачі сертифікованих міжнародних іспитів з англійської.

Exploring Options in Academic Writing
Effective Vocabulary and Grammar Use
Jan Frodesen and Margi Wald

Exploring Options is designed to help student writers develop their knowledge and use of academic language to meet the demands of college- and university-level writing assignments. It draws on the research identifying lexical and grammatical patterns across academic contexts and provides authentic reading contexts for structured vocabulary learning. Recognizing that vocabulary choices in writing often require consideration of grammatical structure, Exploring Options focuses on specific kinds of lexico-grammatical decisions—that is, the ones involving the interaction between vocabulary and grammar--that students face in shaping, connecting, and restructuring their ideas. The book helps writers learn how to effectively use resources such as learner dictionaries, thesauruses, and concordancers to improve academic word knowledge.

Following a unit on using resources for vocabulary development, the contents are divided into three parts: Showing Relationships within Sentences, Connecting and Focusing across Sentences, and Qualifying Statements and Reporting Research. Part 1 focuses on verbs and modifiers that express increases and decreases, verbs and abstract nouns that describe change, connectors and verbs describing causal relationships, and parallel structures. Part 2 explores the words that help connect ideas and add cohesion. Part 3 discusses how to express degrees of certainty and accuracy and the use of reporting verbs.

Introduction x
Chapter 1. Using Resources for Vocabulary Development 1
1.1 Characteristics of a Word 2
1.2 Resource: Learner Dictionaries 9
1.3 Resource: Collocations Dictionaries 14
1.4 Resource: Online Concordancers 17
Part 1. Showing Relationships within Sentences 23
Chapter 2. Writing about Increases and Decreases 24
2.1 Verbs Expressing Increases and Decreases 24
Raising Language Awareness 24
Building Your Knowledge 26
Using Verbs to Express Changes in Amount, Size, 27
Quality, and Intensity
Using Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Appropriately 29
Using Verbs to Describe Graphic Data 35
More on Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 37
2.2 Modifiers Expressing Increases and Decreases 39
Raising Language Awareness 39
Building Your Knowledge 40
Modifying Verbs 40
Modifying Nouns That Express Increases or Decreases 43
Using Change-of-State Modifiers with Nouns 49

Chapter 3. Writing about Other Types of Change 51
Raising Language Awareness 52
3.1 Verbs Expressing Change in Form or Behavior 54
Raising Language Awareness 54
Building Your Knowledge 55
Convert/Transform + Noun Phrase + into + Noun Phrase 58
Vary + Noun Phrase + Preposition + Noun Phrase 60
3.2 Verbs Expressing Positive and Negative Changes 62
Raising Language Awareness 62
Building Your Knowledge 63
Using Verbs That Express Changes for Positive, Neutral, 63
or Negative Conditions, Processes, or Activities
Using Verbs That Express Intensifying or Lessening 67
of Negative Conditions or Situations
3.3 Abstract Nouns Derived from Verbs Expressing Change 70
Building Your Knowledge 70
Chapter 4. Writing about Causal Relationships: Connectors 74
and Abstract Nouns
Raising Language Awareness 74
4.1 Using Connectors and Abstract Nouns 76
Building Your Knowledge 76
Forming Abstract Noun Phrases 76
Using Connectors with Abstract Noun Phrases 78
4.2 Modifying Abstract Noun Phrases 81
Building Your Knowledge 81
Describing Abstract Nouns 84
Adding Prepositions 85
4.3 Punctuating Causal Phrases 88
Building Your Knowledge 88

Using Verbs That Introduce Reasons or Causes 92
Building Your Knowledge 92
5.2 Using Verbs That Introduce Results or Effects 94
Building Your Knowledge 94
5.3 Using Verbs that Express How a Result Can 98
Be Minimized
Building Your Knowledge 98
5.4 Crafting Sentences with Causal Verbs and Abstract 103
Noun Phrases
Building Your Knowledge 103
Chapter 6. Creating Balance and Emphasis with Parallel Structures 109
6.1 Using Parallel Structures 109
Raising Language Awareness 110
Building Your Knowledge 113
Purposes and Types of Parallel Structures 113
6.2 Recognizing Words That Introduce Parallel Structures 116
Raising Language Awareness 116
Building Your Knowledge 118
Checking for Faulty Parallelism 122
6.3 Emphasizing Ideas with Correlative Conjunctions 126
Raising Language Awareness 126
Building Your Knowledge 128
Subject-Verb Inversion with not only . . . (but) also 128

Part 2. Connecting and Focusing across Sentences 132
Chapter 7. Creating Cohesion with Word Forms and Reference 133
Words and Phrases
Raising Language Awareness 134
7.1 Using Word Forms to Connect Ideas 136
Raising Language Awareness 136
Building Your Knowledge 137
7.2 Using Reference Forms 139
Raising Language Awareness 139
Building Your Knowledge 141
Using Reference Forms to Connect and Focus 141
Using such vs. Demonstrative Determiners to Connect Ideas 143
Checking Verb Agreement with Long Subjects 147
Using Comparative Reference Forms 150
7.3 Using Reference Forms with the Passive 154
Raising Language Awareness 154
Building Your Knowledge 156
Chapter 8. Creating Cohesion with Topic Introducers and Logical 159
Connectors
Raising Language Awareness 160
8.1 Using Topic Introducers with Reference Forms 162
to Connect Ideas
Building Your Knowledge 162
8.2 Using Logical Connectors with Reference Forms 167
to Connect Ideas
Building Your Knowledge 167
Using Logical Connectors to Express Differences 170

Part 3. Qualifying Ideas and Reporting Research 174
Chapter 9. Expressing Degrees of Certainty and Accuracy 175
Raising Language Awareness 175
Building Your Knowledge 178
Using Modal Verbs 178
Using Adjectives of Probability 181
Modifying Probability Adjectives with Highly 183
Using Adverbs of Probability 186
Using Verbs of Uncertainty 188
Using Frequency Adverbs 191
Expressing Normal or Usual Patterns 192
Adding Hedges 195
Chapter 10. Using Reporting Verbs 196
Raising Language Awareness 197
Building Your Knowledge 200
Reporting on an Author’s Strength of Claim 200
and Emphasis
Using Reporting Verbs with Inanimate Subjects 206
Learning the Grammar of Reporting Verbs 207
Using Complements after Reporting Verbs of Advice 210
Appendix: Classifier Nouns 215